Presidential
leadership has produced as many aphorisms as examples. “Leadership is
the ability to get men to do what they don’t want to do and like it,”
said Harry Truman.
President Coolidge defined the other end of the action spectrum:
“Perhaps one of the most important accomplishments of my administration
has been minding my own business.” It’s not just presidents who weigh
in. Presidential critics have a lot to say about leadership too. It’s
what they say a president lacks, when the president doesn’t do what they
want him to. In this collection, presidential leadership is defined by
men who on at least one occasion focused their energies, and chanced
their political fortunes, on something larger than their self-interest.
Instead of the easy win, or easy out, they took the long view.
This
is usually called “presidential character,” and it was the original
conception of the job. The founders believed that the mental and moral
makeup of the chief executive would keep the nation in sync with its
founding ideals of liberty and equality. A presidential leader had to be
“fixed on true principles” as George Washington put it, in order to do
the right thing for the country.
These
leadership moments meet that original definition, but the office has
changed since its launch date. Presidents now campaign for office.
Washington and his colleagues didn’t. They thought the low business of
grubbing for votes was antithetical to the job. It would lead to
presidents who made decisions not by reason, but by what they thought
the people wanted.
These
stories highlight presidents who faced down political pressure, either
by winning over the public or by doing what they thought was right in
the face of criticism.
For FDR,
leadership meant not resisting the electorate but recognizing that in a
large, interconnected nation, only one person could meet the desperate
national need. When America’s longest-serving president took office, the
unemployment rate was 25%, 5,504 banks had closed their doors, and
families gathered dandelions for dinner salad. His relationship with the
country, built by his innovative communications skills on the radio,
allowed him to take enormous risks on behalf of a trusting public. Those
risks fundamentally transformed the government into a tool to manage
the social impact of the modern age and propelled the presidency toward a
celebrity office. The bond between the president and the nation was so
profound that the nation grieved as if they had lost a loved one. As
Doris Kearns Goodwin put it, “Isn’t an incredible thing that one man
dies and 130 million people feel lonely.”
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Emergency Banking Act into law, March 9, 1933. (Photo: AP)
Though
FDR knew how to minister to a needy public, he understood that even
with the license to experiment granted during a time of national
emergency, a president cannot push the country where it does not want to
go. “I can’t go any faster than the people will let me,” he said. Move
too fast and the people will not only revolt, but they’ll vote you out
of office. So a successful president must know how to lead the public
only as far as it is willing to go, without inciting revolt.
Truman and LBJ
each pushed beyond the political status quo to advance civil rights for
African-Americans. Controversial at the time, both were nevertheless
being consistent with America’s founding concern for equality. When
Truman desegregated the military, it was “not clear that Truman
understood his actions would work out for him,” says Cornelius Bynum.
That’s what makes it such a courageous decision. “The idea here is that
he didn’t know, but what he did know is that the idea of segregation in
the military didn’t sit well with him.”
Johnson, like Jimmy Carter,
did not win office as a civil rights crusader. Both built their early
careers using implicit or explicit appeals to white identity. Carter
changed his tune almost immediately after taking office as governor of
Georgia. Johnson evolved in office, becoming what Jonathan Darman calls
“the most significant president for the cause of racial justice.” After
the brutalization of peaceful marchers in Selma, Alabama, in 1965,
Johnson, energized by the heroism of Martin Luther King Jr. and his
fellow civil-rights activists, seized on the moment to push the Voting
Rights Act, applying his legislative skills to persuade his former
colleagues in the Senate. When his aides explained how difficult it
would be, Johnson replied, “Well, what the hell is the presidency for?”
Before he became known for leading America into war in Iraq, George W. Bush
faced the formidable job of rallying the nation after 9/11. Recognizing
the “blood lust,” as he called it, in some of the responses, he faced
down anti-Muslim bigotry to uphold civil rights, and the First
Amendment, for all Americans.
Bill Clinton
pushed for an assault weapons ban using a modern spin on Johnson’s
legislative approach. By wrapping his desire for a ban on rapid-fire
rifles into a bill that also provided support for law enforcement and a
crackdown on crime, he built a coalition from the left and the right to
win passage.
George H.W. Bush and Gerald Ford
faced the most direct political consequences of the leadership choices
they made. Ford’s pardoning of Nixon tanked his approval ratings. Voters
thought letting Nixon
off the hook was a mere continuation of the trickery of his
predecessor. The unelected president thought only through a pardon could
he help the nation heal. Ford was not rewarded for the move. His
presidency, which had begun with such promise, would never really
recover.
One
month after Richard Nixon’s resignation over the Watergate scandal,
President Ford signs his pardon in 1974. (Photo: Bettmann Archive via
Getty Images)
For
Bush, the decision to break his “no new taxes” pledge affirmed
everything his conservative critics had feared about him. Though the
41st president knew raising taxes would weaken support in his own party,
he believed strengthening the long-term fiscal health of the country
through a budget deal with Democrats was more important. Ultimately, the
apostasy would win him a primary challenge and depress the turnout of
the GOP base, which contributed to his loss to Bill Clinton in 1992.
In
foreign policy, presidents have more room to act than with domestic
issues, but dashing risk-taking has enormous downsides. Had Barack Obama
failed when he ordered the raid to kill or capture Osama bin Laden, he
would have seriously wounded his presidency, roiled relations with
nuclear-armed Pakistan and weakened America in the eyes of the world.
The
daring success of the bin Laden raid can leave the wrong impression
about presidential leadership on foreign policy, however. It is usually
through vision and persistence that presidents achieve greatness on the
global stage.
Nixon
had his eye on transforming the U.S. relationship with China in the mid
’60s, when he was a political outcast traveling to Asia as a private
citizen. Once in office, he patiently and secretly re-engaged with a
country the U.S. had been shut off from for a generation. When he landed
in China in 1972 and met Zhou Enlai, the Chinese premier responded,
“Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world.”
Jimmy Carter
lacked domestic political skills to whip Washington into shape, but he
knew how to use his human skills to bring Menachem Begin to an agreement
after the Israeli leader was ready to bolt from talks with his Egyptian
counterpart Anwar Sadat. Carter also knew that when the deal fell
apart, it was worth risking a trip to the Middle East to do the repair
work himself. The treaty between the former adversaries has held for
forty years amid historic turmoil in the region.
Ronald Reagan,
like Nixon, showed leadership by playing against his political type.
Both were known as staunch anti-communists. Like Nixon in his outreach
to the Chinese communists, the 40th president trusted the Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev, risking a backlash from his own party to negotiate a
mutual reduction in nuclear weapons.
Presidents
campaign on grandiose promises, raising expectations of what can be
done in an office that was designed to limit its occupant. “I alone can
fix it,” promised candidate Donald Trump. But presidential leadership
can also be defined by doing nothing. Eisenhower resisted his generals
and the “military industrial complex” that encouraged defense spending
and foreign adventurism. “Some of the greatest strength is restraint,”
says Evan Thomas. “It’s by not doing. It’s by not showing off. It’s by
not waving your arms. It’s by not blustering.”
President
Dwight D. Eisenhower told a nationwide radio and television audience in
1959 that talks with Nikita Khrushchev could lead to a Big Four summit
conference. (Photo: Harvey Georges/AP)
The same was true of John Kennedy
who went eyeball to eyeball with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev over
missiles in Cuba. Though he was being pushed to take more bellicose
action by his military leaders, Kennedy knew that a mistake or a
misinterpretation could be catastrophic. “Kennedy understood very
clearly that if he made the wrong move the result could be nuclear war,”
says Michael Dobbs.
We
study presidential leadership moments because, despite the framers’
intent, the president is now the center of American political life. The
fact that presidents of the past were able to overcome the challenges of
their times offers hope that the presidents of today can do the same.
This is particularly true in an age of heightened partisanship. Great
moments of presidential leadership don’t stand the test of time and
invite our attention because they are high-scoring events for the chief
executive’s home team. They are moments that last because they have
benefited all Americans and shaped the world. Presidents and political
parties seeking a road to greatness should remember this, and lift their
aspirations from Twitter likes and retweets and toward enduring
achievements.
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John Dickerson
has covered American politics since the 1990s. He is a former White
House correspondent for Time and political director of CBS News, and he
is currently co-anchor of “CBS This Morning” and a contributing editor
to the Atlantic. He is the author of “Whistlestop: My Favorite Stories from Presidential Campaign History.”
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Click below to view the rest of the 13 part series.
Cover
thumbnail photo: The last thirteen U.S. presidents. (Photo
illustration: Yahoo News; photos: From top left: Getty Images, AP (4),
Getty Images, AP (4), Getty Images (2), AP)
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